Hemp extract is the new frontier, and for many it simply seems like the next gold rush for companies looking to strike it rich. But, as more research is conducted, the positive uses of full spectrum hemp extract and cannabidiol (CBD) for pets is being revealed.
As with any treatment for your pet, evidence-based treatments are vital, which is why studies into the numerous effects of CBD on pets are ongoing. While the FDA has yet to approve CBD or hemp extract, it is worth noting that the FDA typically does not approve many supplements or medications in the pet industry. Regardless of the FDA’s stance on CBD products, research is continually finding that hemp extract can be life saving for pets and people alike.
Canopy Animal Health, Canopy Growth Corporation, Toronto, Canada, February 2020
This set of clinical trials tested for adverse reactions based on escalating doses of oral CBD and THC for dogs, with a maximum dose of 640 mg and 597 mg respectively. No lethal dose detected and adverse events were mild.
In this study conducted 10 mg/kg/day or 20mg/kg/day was administered to dogs for 6 days. CBD was tolerated in the study population. There was an elevation in serum ALP in 36 percent of patients, and all other blood parameters were normal. Six of the 30 dogs had vomiting and all had mild diarrhea. 11 of 30 dogs experienced erythema of pinna and 10 of 30 dogs experienced nasal and ocular discharge. These effects were significantly safer than many side effects of prescription medications.
Mason Research Institute Thompson GR, Rosenkrantz H, Schaeppi UH, Braude MC.
In this study, scientists sought to find a lethal dose for THC in dogs, rats and chimpanzees. Even at a single intravenous dose of 9000 mg, there was no lethal dose for dogs.
Canopy Animal Health, Canopy Growth Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2020
In this study, 20 healthy Beagle’s were tested to determine the safety and tolerance of escalating CBD, THC, or CBD and THC dosage in the dogs. 10 females, and 10 males, the dogs were given up to 10 escalating doses of oils in a three-day span. Overall, the dogs tolerated the escalation dosages very well only experiencing mild AEs.
J Feline Med Surg, December 2021
This is the first feline study to explore the safety and tolerability of CBD and THC, alone and in combination, in a controlled research setting. These findings will inform veterinarians of the safety profile of cannabinoids, particularly when considering the potential therapeutic use of CBD in cats or recognizing clinical signs associated with accidental exposure to THC-containing products.
UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil 2018
A study conducted by UNICAMP in Campinas, Brazil found that full spectrum, CBD-rich extracts are more beneficial to people and pets when compared to a CBD isolate. In fact, the study states:
“Adverse effects were more frequent in products containing purified CBD than in CBD-rich extracts. CBD-rich extracts seem to present a better therapeutic profile than purified CBD, at least in this population of patients with refractory epilepsy.”
The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
“Our findings that CBD in the presence of other plant constituents improve the dose-response are supported by some recent reports showing that CBD in a standardized Cannabis sativa extract is more potent or efficacious than pure CBD. The higher efficiency of plant extract might be explained by additive or synergistic interactions between CBD and minor phytocannabinoids or non-cannabinoids presented in the extracts.”
Raz N, Eyal AM, Berneman Zeitouni D, Hen-Shoval D, Davidson EM, Danieli A, Tauber M, Ben-Chaim; Biochem Pharmacol. 2023 Apr
“The results demonstrate that all terpenes, when tested individually, activate CB1 receptors, at about 10-50% of the activation by THC alone. The combination of some of these terpenes with THC significantly increases the activity of the CB1 receptor, compared to THC alone. In some cases, several fold.”
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University 2018
This 8-month double-blind study was the first of its kind for Cornell and studied dogs suffering from osteoarthritis. Dogs in the study saw a significant decrease in pain and increase in activity, with no side effects. In fact, the study concluded the following:
Baylor College of Medicine, September 2020
“In the veterinary study, CBD significantly decreased pain and increased mobility in a dose-dependent fashion among animals with an affirmative diagnosis of OA. ”
Current Neuropharmacology, Volume 4, Number 3, 2006
This study states that CBD has therapeutic benefits for both people and pets suffering from chronic pain and acute chronic pain episodes.
Arévalo-Martín A, García-Ovejero D, Gómez O, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 2008
Compounds found in cannabis that reduce inflammation are abundant and diverse. The most abundant phytocannabinoids in cannabis, THC and CBD, both have strong anti-inflammatory properties, while CBC, CBG, and THCV have also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. Cannabinoids act as anti-inflammatory agents by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting of cell proliferation, suppressing cytokine production, and inducing T regulatory cells. Apoptotic mechanisms induced by cannabinoids in immune cells include activation of CD95 to induce Bcl-2 and caspase cascades in immune cells. Cannabinoids have also been demonstrated to promote the production of anti-inflammatory interleukins such as IL-10 while inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α in a CB1-dependent fashion
Borgonetti V, Anceschi L, Brighenti V, Corsi L, Governa P, Manetti F, Pellati F, Galeotti N. 2022 Dec.
“…oral administration attenuated NP symptoms by reducing spinal neuroinflammation and underline the important role of the synergism between cannabinoids and terpenes.”
Hermanson, D.J., Marnett, L.J. Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev30, 599–612 (2011)
“The antiproliferative and apoptotic effects produced by some of these pharmacological probes [CBD] reveal that the endocannabinoid system is a promising new target for the development of novel chemotherapeutics to treat cancer.”
Ontario Veterinary College, August 5, 2021, Samuel E. Hocker, Anthony J. Mutsaers,
In-vitro study on canine bladder cancer from OVC in Canada. This study represents the first evaluation of pharmacological interactions between CBD and vinblastine, mitoxantrone, carboplatin, and piroxicam. CBD reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in canine urothelial cells
Henry, J.G., Shoemaker, G., Prieto, J.M., Hannon, M.B. and Wakshlag, J.J. (November, 2020)
“CBD is effective at hindering cell proliferation and induction of autophagy and apoptosis rapidly across neoplastic cell lines and further clinical trials are needed to understand its efficacy and interactions with traditional chemotherapy”
Ferro, R., Adamska, A., Lattanzio, R. et al.
This study found that CBD inhibits the growth of cancerous cells in mice with pancreatic and bladder cancer. Not only did CBD inhibit cancerous cell growth, but also proved to prevent future cancerous growths in the mice treated with CBD. The conclusion of this study noted that CBD could be a viable option to treat cancer in both humans and animals.
Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Microarray Research Facility, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA 2009
Frankincense oil is presented as an promising alternative therapy for bladder cancer treatment. In this study, Frankincense oil was was investigated in human bladder cancer J82 cells and immortalized normal bladder urothelial UROtsa cells. Within a range of concentration, frankincense oil suppressed cell viability in bladder transitional carcinoma J82 cells but not in UROtsa cells.
“Local administration of CB1 and CB2 agonists (similar to CBD and THC) induced growth inhibition of malignant skin tumors generated by intradermal inoculation of tumorigenic PDV.C57 mouse keratinocytes into nude mice. This growth inhibition was accompanied by enhanced intra-tumor apoptosis and impaired tumor vascularization “
“Cannabinoids appear to kill tumor cells but do not affect their non-transformed counterparts and may even protect them from cell death.”
One of the most astounding ways CBD and cannabis differ from traditional cancer therapies is that it is selective about which cells it targets. When CBD works to eliminate cancer cells, it does not eliminate the good cells.
“CBD also inhibited the development of mast cells in a long-term culture. The intraperitoneal administration of CBD suppressed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice as evidenced by a reduction in ear swelling and decrease in the number of degranulated mast cells.”
Colorado State University, Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 2019
Neurologist Stephanie McGrath assessed the short-term effect of CBD on seizure frequency in 16 dogs. Dogs in the trial were randomly assigned a placebo or a hemp-derived CBD treatment for 12 weeks. Nine dogs received CBD while seven were given a placebo. All of the dogs in the study suffered from seizures.
Yamazaki University of Animal Health Technology, Japan, 2018
Researchers found a decrease in seizure intervals in two of the three dogs studied. The dogs were given varying amounts of CBD, and the dog who received the lowest number of mg of active CBD showed little to no improvement, while the dog who was administered 1700 mg showed the highest level of improvement. Of note: the same study’s findings show that the dogs showed a decrease in barking even when other dogs nearby were excitable.
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, UK 2012
Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine (pp.121-155) 2019
Research published in Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine titled “Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine: Cannabinoid Therapies for Animals” states that hemp oil is a significant source of proteins and essential fatty acids, including gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Of note: the same study found that CBD interacts with the endocannabinoid system in dogs to treat cancer, improve sleep, prevent obesity and metabolic diseases, resolve anxiety and stress, treat inflammatory conditions, improve pulmonary and cardiac conditions, and acts as a neuro-protectant.
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Meir Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Kfar Saba, Israel.
An 8-week project of THC rich cannabis produced significant clinical, steroid-free benefits to 10 to 11 patients with active Crohn’s disease as compared with placebo, without side effects.
This study found evidence to support that THC alters microbiome balance and prevents obesity, CBD has both anti-inflammatory and bacteriostatic effects in the gut and CB2 levels correlate to Lactobacillus concentrations negatively with potentially pathogenic Clostridium species and orally administer lactobacillus induces mRBA expression of the gene that encodes for CB2 receptors (CNR2)
“There has been some preclinical investigation focusing on the role of particular cannabinoids in AI disease models. CBD has been found to modulate the immune system instead of suppressing it. Cannabidiol also slows down T-cell production and suppresses immune system memory, meaning that CBD could cut down on the likelihood of future autoimmune attacks. CBD has also been found to increase the expression of genes that deal with oxidative stress, which may reduce cell damage from autoimmune attacks. ”
“Resident immune and CNS cells express functional CB2 receptors. The activation of CB2 receptors results in the modulation of the inflammatory response…”
“CBD treatment was able to decrease the serum levels of all analyzed cytokines except for IL-10 levels. CBD seems to be a potential new drug to modulate inflammatory response in asthma.”
Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
This study conducted by the Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, studied the distribution of CBD throughout the bloodstream after oral and IV application. They also studied the half-life of the to determine how long it would take to eliminate form the bloodstream (avg. 9 hrs).
Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Dogs were found to have a substantial amount of receptors in their endocannabinoid system, specifically in the spine and brain. Interestingly it was found that dogs had more receptors than humans in these areas.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University 2018
The Canadian Journal Of Veterinary Research reports that this study shows various rate of absorption for three methods of administration, as well as the corresponding half life for each method. (Micro-Encapsulated, Orally, and Transdermally)
Department of Comparative Diagnostic Population Medicine, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine 2019
In this study researchers found that cats absorbed CBD much less readily than dogs. They ended up with around one fifth the blood concentration at a proportional dose. They found CBD was readily absorbed and present throughout the body of both species after administration.
Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Braun School of Public Health, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
In a recent study published by the British Journal of Pharmacology, researchers found that administering CBD to test subjects with acute liver disease actually resulted in repair to the damages tissue.
Kaufmann R, Aqua K, Lombardo J, Lee M (2021)
This study found that during a long term trial, only a small number of test subjects experienced raised levels of ALT and the degree to which that enzyme was increased was deemed insignificant. Full-spectrum hemp oil was used by 55.7%, CBD-isolate by 40.5%, and broad spectrum by 3.8%.
Current Neuropharmacology Volume 15 , Issue 2 , 2017
CBD is renowned for its anti-anxiolytic effects for both people and pets for good reason. This study published in Current Neuropharmacology states: “CBD seems to be a promising drug for the treatment of various ‘panic disorders’.”
“In addition to modulating basal anxiety states, recent studies suggest an important role for the endocannabinoid (eCB) and glucocorticoid systems in the modulation of emotional states and extinction of aversive memories in animals.”
This means that CBD can help in facilitating extinction of aversive memories which treats PTSD and anxiety or panic disorders in people and animals.
Research like this shows CBD may be a viable treatment option for sleep disorders in people and pets. This study reports that CBD has a calming effect on the central nervous system and can improve the amount and depth of sleep in those suffering sleep disorders and CBD is better tolerated than other psychiatric medications.
A 1993 study published in the Journal of Psychopharmacology found that pain relief, reduction of anxiety, and reduction of inflammation were the most common reasons for the use of cannabis in dogs, and when tested in animal models, CBD was shown to have anxiolytic properties.
School of Pharmacy & Life Sciences, Institute for Health & Welfare Research, Robert Gordon University, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, UK
CBD has been found to have anti-arrhythmic effects in an in vivo rat model of coronary artery occlusion which may not be mediated through the CB1 receptors found on myocardial cell membranes, but may have other non-receptor-mediated pathways that allow its control over cardiac rhythm.
Vascular Medicine, Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
CBD specifically has been found to have direct effects on arteries, influencing vaso-relaxation, which is clinically observed as a mild hypotensive effect when CBD is administered. CBD has a protective effect against the vascular damage caused by hyperglycemia, as with type 2 diabetes, diabetic angiopathies, and systemic inflammatory processes. It is the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD that mediate these benefits (Stanley et al. 2013).
Laboratory of Physiological Studies, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health 2012
“Oxidative stress and inflammation play critical roles in the development of diabetes and its complications… Studies provided compelling evidence that the newly discovered lipid signaling system (ie, the endocannabinoid system) may significantly influence reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and subsequent tissue injury, in addition to its well-known metabolic effects and functions.”
Hadassah University Hospital, Department of Bone Marrow Transplantation & Cancer Immunotherapy, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
This study found that full spectrum hemp extract CBD actually lowered the instance of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice.
Division of Vascular Medicine, School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, UK.
This study found that full spectrum hemp extract CBD may also improve circulation and improve overall health in diabetic rats.
Lakiotaki E, Giaginis C, Tolia M, et al. Biomed Res Int. 2015
This study they assert that: “These results supported evidence that CB receptors and especially CB2 receptor may interfere with molecular pathways participating in thyroid malignant transformation and could be considered as potential therapeutic targets to suppress tumor progression.”
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 2019
“Current research indicates the phytocannabinoids have a powerful therapeutic potential in a variety of ailments primarily through their interaction with the ECS. CBD is of particular interest due to its wide-ranging capabilities and lack of side effects in a variety of neurological conditions and diseases.”
Wonkwang University Brain Sci. 2021
Many studies reviewed here suggest that CBD can provide symptomatic relief or even arrest AD progression through effects such as anti-inflammatory, Antioxidative, neurogenesis. These effects on AD can be inferred to have similar benefits to pets suffering from related diseases like CCD
Commun Biol. Blaskovich et al. 2021
“More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the ‘urgent threat’ pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae.”
J Nat Prod. Appendino et al. 2008
“All five major cannabinoids (cannabidiol (1b), cannabichromene (2), cannabigerol (3b), Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (4b), and cannabinol (5)) showed potent activity against a variety of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains of current clinical relevance.”
Barak T, Sharon E, Steinberg D, Feldman M, Sionov RV, Shalish M. 2022 Dec.
“In conclusion, we show that CBD has a strong inhibitory effect against cariogenic bacteria, suggesting that it is a potential drug adjuvant for reducing oral pathogenic bacterial load as well as protecting against dental caries.”
This article will be updated as research is continually conducted and published. Below is a list of resources, research,
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